Follow me In 2005, China only had two EV battery manufacturers. Twenty years later, it produces more than three-quarters of the world’s lithium-ion cells. How did it happen? At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, athletes, journalists and officials from all over the world were transported by a fleet of sleek buses sporting a white, blue and green design as they zipped between different venues in the Chinese capital. Different from the diesel-powered vehicles that ruled Beijing’s streets at the time, the Olympic buses, numbering around 50, ran on lithium-ion batteries to help Beijing host a “green and high-tech” Olympic Games. It also marked the country’s first foray into creating a lithium-ion battery industry for electric vehicles (EVs), laying the groundwork for China’s ascension to world leader of this technology two decades later. bbc news
What octopus camouflage has to do with sunscreen
Follow me Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. ephalopods like octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish have the mesmerizing ability to change the color of their skin to camouflage into the surrounding environment. Multiple biological processes involving a natural pigment called xanthommatin drives this unique ability. As such, various industries are interested in using xanthommatin in products such as paint and natural sunscreen, but the pigment has been hard to research. Harvesting xanthommatin from animals isn’t very efficient, and traditional lab methods are laborious and low-yielding. Now, a team of researchers has found a way to produce up to 1,000 times more xanthommatin than previous approaches—by making a single bacterium do it. While that might sound like overkill, the achievement has significant implications for a broad range of areas, from animal biology and chemistry to cosmetics and the military.
Teen designs and builds a robotic hand with only LEGOs
Follow me At only 16, Jared Lepora has also co-authored a paper. In October, a student presented a robotic hand made entirely from LEGOs at the 2025 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems in Hangzhou, China. But Jared Lepora isn’t in graduate school, college–he’s a teenager. Nonetheless, the 16-year-old co-authored research recently published on arXiv along with colleagues including his father Nathan Lepora, a professor of robotics and artificial intelligence at the University of Bristol. Jared used LEGO MINDSTORMS, a LEGO robotics kit, to build a LEGO version of SoftHand-A, a 3D-printed anthropomorphic robot hand introduced in an earlier study. “My dad is a professor at the Bristol Robotics laboratory (BRL). He designs robotic systems with complicated mechanisms that have lots of real-world applications,” Jared wrote in his presentation, whose slides were emailed to Popular Science. “My goal was to create an educational design which shows professional mechanisms in a simple educational way” understandable by children. The hand is a LEGO version of SoftHand-A, a 3D-printed anthropomorphic robot hand. CREDIT: University of Bristol/Jared Lepora. He first designed the hand digitally and it has two motors and four fingers with two tendons in each. The hardest part of the design was the tendon routing around the rotating bearings in the fingers, which allows the joints to bend and the finger to flex or extend when the tendons are pulled. In total, the hand includes over 100 bearings—components involved in rotation—and Jared even found a way around the fact that, unlike the 3D-printed SoftHand-A, LEGOs don’t have springs. “Altogether, this design results in an anthropomorphic hand that can adaptively grasp a broad range of objects using a simple actuation and control mechanism,” the researchers write in the paper. “Since the hand can be constructed from LEGO pieces and uses state-of-the-art design concepts for robotic hands, it has the potential to educate and inspire children to learn about the frontiers of modern robotics.”
Why do cats love boxes? Evolution has an answer.
Follow me Despite differing personalities and energy levels, all cats can get something out of a well-placed box, says Mikel Delgado, a feline behavior consultant with Ease Pet Vet and a senior research scientist at Purdue University. One crucial benefit relates to their hunting instincts. Cats that roam free outside occupy a delicate midpoint in the neighborhood food chain, where they are both predator and prey, Delgado tells Popular Science. As they hunt for birds or insects, outdoor cats look for hiding spots—like bushes or nooks—that can conceal them from being noticed by their prey or any potential predators, such as hawks or foxes. ust because a cat is indoors doesn’t mean that they lose their instincts, and boxes offer a perfect hunting spot, with walls that shield them from view and an open top that they can use to pounce onto potential prey (or a plush toy).
Particles that enhance mRNA delivery could reduce vaccine dosage and costs
Follow me Particles that enhance mRNA delivery could reduce vaccine dosage and costs Using these nanoparticles to deliver a flu vaccine, researchers observed an effective immune response at a much lower dose. A new delivery particle developed at MIT could make mRNA vaccines more effective and potentially lower the cost per vaccine dose. In studies in mice, the researchers showed that an mRNA influenza vaccine delivered with their new lipid nanoparticle could generate the same immune response as mRNA delivered by nanoparticles made with FDA-approved materials, but at around 1/100 the dose. “One of the challenges with mRNA vaccines is the cost,” says Daniel Anderson, a professor in MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering and a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES). “When you think about the cost of making a vaccine that could be distributed widely, it can really add up. Our goal has been to try to make nanoparticles that can give you a safe and effective vaccine response but at a much lower dose.” While the researchers used their particles to deliver a flu vaccine, they could also be used for vaccines for Covid-19 and other infectious diseases, they say. Anderson is the senior author of the study, which appears today in Nature Nanotechnology. The lead authors of the paper are Arnab Rudra, a visiting scientist at the Koch Institute; Akash Gupta, a Koch Institute research scientist; and Kaelan Reed, an MIT graduate student. Efficient delivery To protect mRNA vaccines from breaking down in the body after injection, they are packaged inside a lipid nanoparticle, or LNP. These fatty spheres help mRNA get into cells so that it can be translated into a fragment of a protein from a pathogen such as influenza or SARS-CoV-2. In the new study, the MIT team sought to develop particles that can induce an effective immune response, but at a lower dose than the particles now used to deliver Covid-19 mRNA vaccines. That could not only reduce the costs per vaccine dose, but may also help to lessen the potential side effects, the researchers say. LNPs typically consist of five elements: an ionizable lipid, cholesterol, a helper phospholipid, a polyethylene glycol lipid, and mRNA. In this study, the researchers focused on the ionizable lipid, which plays a key role in vaccine strength. Based on their knowledge of chemical structures that might improve delivery efficiency, the researchers designed a library of new ionizable lipids. These contained cyclic structures, which can help enhance mRNA delivery, as well as chemical groups called esters, which the researchers believed could also help improve biodegradability. The researchers then created and screened many combinations of these particle structures in mice to see which could most effectively deliver the gene for luciferase, a bioluminescent protein. Then, they took their top-performing particle and created a library of new variants, which they tested in another round of screening. From these screens, the top LNP that emerged is one that the researchers called AMG1541. One key feature of these new LNPs is that they are more effective in dealing with a major barrier for delivery particles, known as endosomal escape. After LNPs enter cells, they are isolated in cellular compartments called endosomes, which they need to break out of to deliver their mRNA. The new particles did this more effectively than existing LNPs. Another advantage of the new LNPs is that the ester groups in the tails make the particles degradable once they have delivered their cargo. This means they can be cleared from the body quickly, which the researchers believe could reduce side effects from the vaccine.
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